We have written elsewhere about how far apart lock points should sit and how far a cam sits behind its keep. This piece starts where that one cannot go. It is about the word itself.
Look up espagnolette in a reference work and you will be told it is a locking device mounted on the vertical frame of a French door or casement window, with a handle about a metre above the floor that rotates a rod whose hooks catch in sockets at the head and the sill. That description is accurate. It also describes an object that is not inside your aluminium casement window. On a modern aluminium casement the thing the trade calls an espag sits in a groove machined along the edge of the sash, and when the window is shut you cannot see any part of it. The mechanism moved from the face of the window to the inside of the sash, and the word moved with it. Almost every difficulty in buying, replacing or complaining about it comes from that move.
The same word is used, in published sources, for at least five different pieces of metal. They are not variants of one product. They have different owners, different supply chains and different failure modes, and the only thing they share is that one handle motion moves more than one locking point.
| What the word is pointing at | Where the rod lives | Who decides its dimensions | What it never does |
|---|---|---|---|
| The historic French window rod: one full-height round rod, hooks top and bottom, handle folding into a centre keeper | On the face of the sash, in full view | The locksmith, to the exact height of that one window | It never compresses a weather seal; it hooks |
| The cremone bolt, which dictionaries list as a synonym and makers insist is a different mechanism | On the face of the sash, two half-round rods | Nobody; the rods are cut to length on site | It never rotates; the rods slide |
| The modern concealed espag: gearbox, flat rod, mushroom cams, keeps - the thing on your aluminium casement | Inside the groove on the sash edge, invisible when closed | The extrusion, before you ever place an order | It never fits a groove it was not built for |
| The cargo door gear on dry van and refrigerated semi-trailers and on intermodal containers | On the outside face of the rear doors | The bodybuilder and the transport standard | It never meets a weather seal or a thermal break |
| The industrial version: three-point locks for electrical control cabinets, rolling stock and ships | On a cabinet or housing door | The plant engineer, against an industrial standard | It never appears in a window catalogue at all |
Only the third row is what you are buying. The other four exist, are documented, and will come up in a search.
The move from the face of the sash into a groove along its edge is a specific historical event with a specific cause. Until the Baroque period, windows were secured with simple fasteners such as turnbuckles. As sashes grew taller, vertical rod mechanisms appeared; by the late seventeenth century in France three types had emerged: the sliding rod lock, the espagnolette and the cremone bolt. The espagnolette was developed in enough detail by 1771 to be drawn in Diderot's Encyclopedie, and a Bavarian court architect recorded espagnolette hardware fitted "in the French manner" as early as 1719. These were, without exception, surface-mounted objects you could see and touch.
Then the groove arrived. The standardised channel machined into the sash and frame profiles is the reason a handle from one supplier can drive a lock from another, and the reason a window can be assembled without drilling holes that would cut through chambers and damage the coating. It is also the reason the identity of your espagnolette is now a set of groove dimensions rather than a product name.
| What changed when it moved inside | Before, on the face | After, in the groove |
|---|---|---|
| Who owns the sizing | The locksmith, per window | The extrusion, once, for the whole series |
| What you can check without tools | Everything; it is all on the surface | The handle, and the presence of a continuous groove along the sash edge |
| How you ｒｅｐｌａｃｅ it | Unscrew and lift off | Remove the sash or open the groove from an end, then match five numbers |
| What it does besides lock | Holds a tall sash flat at top and bottom | Pulls the sash onto the weather seal along the whole perimeter |
| What a mismatch costs | A new rod, forged to height | A new sash |
That last row is the one worth keeping. When the mechanism lived on the face of the window, a wrong one was a hardware problem. Now that it lives inside a groove that was extruded before you ordered, a wrong one is a profile problem.
The historic espagnolette locks in three places at once: hooks forged at the top and bottom of the rod catch behind pins or studs on the frame, and the handle itself latches into a keeper bracket fixed to the sash. Three points, one motion. The cremone that followed it locks in two: a rod up into the head and a rod down into the sill.
So the phrase "multipoint locking" is not a modern feature that was added to windows. It is the original description of a device that predates the phrase by several centuries. What is modern is not the number of points. What is modern is that the points now also squeeze a rubber gasket, which the hinges and hooks of a Versailles window were never asked to do.
General reference works routinely list "cremone bolt" and "multipoint lock" as synonyms of espagnolette. Specialist makers and restoration suppliers say the two are different mechanisms, and one of them notes openly that in the United States the two names are mixed up even by hardware sellers. Both statements are true at the same time, which is exactly the problem.
| Cremone bolt | Espagnolette |
|---|---|
| Two rods, one up and one down | One single rod, full height |
| Rods slide vertically, by gear and rack | The rod rotates on itself |
| Two locking points, at head and sill | Three: hooks top and bottom plus the handle in a centre keeper |
| Small knob or lever on a compact body | Long lever that folds down flat on the sash |
| Rods cut to length on site | Made to the exact height of the window |
| Rods traditionally half-round | Rod round |
One further detail matters more than the history. Restoration suppliers now sell a decorative cremone: the body, rods and finials sit on the surface for the look, while the knob drives a concealed multipoint lock through a seven millimetre square spindle. The visible object and the working object are two different pieces of metal bought from two different suppliers. On a french casement window specified for a period elevation, this is now the normal arrangement rather than an exotic one.
The practical consequence is blunt: the object you recognise in an old window is almost certainly not the object you are ordering for a new one, and the word does not distinguish them.
Reference works note that this type of lock is often used on semi-trailer trucks, on both dry van and refrigerated bodies, to fasten the rear doors, and on intermodal containers through lockrods. An industrial lock manufacturer describes espagnolette locks as best known from the rear doors of semi-trailers, and sells three-point versions for electrical control cabinets in plant engineering, for rolling stock and for equipment on ocean-going vessels, built to an industrial standard of the former East German regulatory system.
None of this is a curiosity. It is a measurement of how much information the word carries. A term that simultaneously denotes a cabinet latch on a ship, the back of a refrigerated trailer and the concealed gear in an aluminium casement is not a term that tells a supplier what you want. It is a term that tells a supplier which family you are gesturing at.
In a modern aluminium casement the word covers four physically separate items, which are frequently made by different companies and are almost never quoted as separate line items.
| Part | What it does | Can it be swapped on its own | What people wrongly blame it for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Handle | Turns the square spindle | Yes, two screws, without touching the gearing | Everything. If the spindle turns and nothing locks, the handle is not the fault |
| Gearbox | Converts the turn into linear travel | Yes, but only with the same backset | Stiffness that is actually hinge ｄｒｏｐ or a sash out of square |
| Rod or gear strip with its cams | Carries the cams into the keeps along the sash | Yes, and it is cut or telescoped to the sash length | Draughts, which are usually a keep position or a hinge adjustment |
| Keeps or striker plates | Receive the cams and set the compression | Yes, but they are profile related | Nothing, because nobody can see them when the window is shut |
One hardware distributor states this plainly for the keeps: they are profile related, and you should ask before assuming suitability. That single sentence explains why a replacement part ordered by photograph so often arrives wrong. The photograph shows the handle. The handle is the only one of the four that does not decide anything.
Two published order forms are enough to show what the trade considers the identity of an espagnolette. One UK distributor lists five things to specify: espagnolette type, sash rebate size, backset size, cam size, and profile name and number. A Scandinavian manufacturer's catalogue lists six: item number, length, handle height, backset, type of receiver, and whether a casement stay transmission is required.
| Number | What it measures | Who owns it | If it is blank on your order |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sash rebate size | The opening the sash closes into, which sets the rod length | Your window size, which is yours | A rod that is short leaves cams unengaged at the ends |
| Backset | How far the spindle centre sits behind the faceplate | The extrusion | Cams miss the keeps along the whole height at once |
| Cam height | How far the mushroom stands off the rod | The gap between sash and frame, so the profile | Either no compression or a sash you cannot close |
| Profile name and number | Which extrusion the hardware must clamp into | The system house | You are ordering a guess, not a part |
| Handle height | Where on the sash the spindle hole is drilled | Accessibility rules and the fabrication drawing | A handle at the wrong height on a window that otherwise works |
| Type of receiver | Which keep fits which cam on which profile | The profile plus the cam choice | Locks that click but do not pull |
Five of these six are decided before you exist as a customer. They were fixed when the die was cut. What you own is the first one, the sash rebate size, and even that only because you chose the window size.
We have covered elsewhere what backset does once the window is assembled. Here we only want to establish who chooses it, and the honest way to do that is to list what the trade publishes.
| Published backset | Where it appears | Product type |
|---|---|---|
| 7 mm or 15 mm | A tilt-before-turn gearing data sheet | Tilt-before-turn |
| 18 mm | An inward-opening espagnolette catalogue page | Inward opening, faceplate 25 x 2 mm |
| 20 mm and 22 mm | A hook and mushroom espagnolette product page | High security window espag |
| 20 mm or 22 mm | A shootbolt espagnolette technical page | Shootbolt espag with selectable bolt throw |
| 20.25 mm | A stainless reverse action espagnolette page | Reverse action, stainless |
| 22 mm and 25 mm | Several gearbox retail listings | Gearbox, with and without claws |
| 25 mm and 28 mm | An outward-opening espagnolette catalogue | Outward opening, faceplate 16 x 2 mm |
| 20 mm, 22 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm | One manufacturer's outward-opening espagnolette range table | Four backsets in one product family |
Our own arithmetic, offered as arithmetic and not as a specification: the largest published value here is thirty millimetres and the smallest is seven, so the widest is roughly four and a third times the narrowest. We are not going to tell you which is correct. There is no correct one. There is only the one your extrusion left room for.
This is the section that answers the word "aluminum" in the title, and it is the section nobody writes. The groove the espag clamps into is described in published sources with at least nine different numbers, and the number you get depends on which language you read and which material the writer had in mind.
| Published figure | Source type | What it is said to apply to |
|---|---|---|
| 16 mm, and 20 mm in timber | A UK hardware distributor's explainer | Described as the Eurogroove for plastic windows, timber given a separate value |
| 16 mm eurogroove, faceplate 16 mm | A shootbolt espagnolette technical page | The window the espag is designed for |
| Eurogroove depth 12 mm, and a shallow 8 mm | Two product data sheets from the same distributor | Groove depth, not width, and it comes in two depths |
| Sash groove 15/20; frame grooves 10/14, 12/15, 14/18 | A German hardware maker's aluminium window product pages | Aluminium windows specifically, sash and frame given different numbers |
| 13 mm, called the C slot; a second class at 23 mm | A Chinese aluminium trade explainer | Described as the most common width for casement sash |
| C slot 20 mm plus 0.3, opening 15 mm plus 0.3 | A Chinese aluminium profile design article | The sash groove, with the tolerance stated |
| U groove basic width 12.2 mm and 16.2 mm | The same Chinese profile design article | Described as the European groove dedicated to plastic and timber windows |
| Groove clearance 11.5 mm | The German maker's aluminium product data | The space available for the hardware between sash and frame |
We are not going to reconcile these. They are not reconcilable, because several of them are measuring different things: overall width, slot opening, depth, and the clearance between sash and frame all end up written as "the groove". But the point survives the confusion intact. If you read only English-language trade pages, the number is sixteen, and it is described as the plastic window groove. If you read only Chinese-language aluminium trade pages, the groove on an aluminium sash is described as fifteen over twenty, and the sixteen-ish figures belong to a groove for plastic and timber.
So the honest answer to "what size espagnolette does an aluminium casement window take" is: not the one the English word makes you think of, and not one you can determine by reading a catalogue in a single language. It is the one your profile was extruded to accept.
The Chinese profile design article above does something rare: it names a practice and then argues against it. It states that the U groove, at 12.2 and 16.2 millimetres, is in Europe the dedicated groove for plastic windows and timber windows. It then states that because U groove hardware costs somewhere in the region of thirty to forty per cent less than C groove hardware, some manufacturers transplant the plastic window groove onto aluminium windows.
Then it gives two reasons not to, and both are physics rather than opinion. First, U groove hardware is fixed with self-tapping screws. Under the longitudinal shear produced by opening and closing, the screw is harder than the aluminium, so it damages the profile and the hole opens up; over time the fixing strips out. Second, the hardware is steel and the profile is aluminium, so in the presence of rainwater and humid air there is a galvanic reaction that attacks the fixing and damages the waterproofing construction of the window. The source says plainly that, for safety reasons, it does not favour U groove hardware on aluminium windows.
The visible test is simple and needs no instrument: look along the edge of the sash for a continuous groove running its full length. A standardised profile has one, formed when the profile was extruded. It is the most direct way to tell whether a window was built on a standardised hardware platform at all.
This is also the honest explanation for a complaint we hear constantly: a window that is eight years old and whose hardware cannot be sourced any more. The lock did not fail. The groove it was built for belonged to a different material.
The same profile design article contains the most quotable relationship in this whole subject. On the hinge side, the hinge channel dimension is generally between 3.5 and 5.0 millimetres. At 3.5 millimetres the hardware carries a sash of 90 kilograms. At 5 millimetres it reaches 130 kilograms.
Our own arithmetic on those two published numbers: the difference in the channel is 1.5 millimetres, and the difference in the carried sash is 40 kilograms. One and a half millimetres of extruded aluminium buys forty kilograms of glass and frame. Nobody puts that line on a quotation, and almost nobody asks for it.
| Groove-space dimension | Published value | What it decides |
|---|---|---|
| Hinge channel dimension | 3.5 mm gives 90 kg; 5 mm gives 130 kg | How heavy a sash the hardware is allowed to carry |
| Hardware space between sash and frame | Generally controlled between 11.5 and 12 mm | Whether there is room for the gear at all |
| Sash groove dimension for the anti-mishandling device | Usually 10.5 to 12 mm; above 12.5 mm the device works poorly or not at all | Whether the window can be made foolproof against being operated wrong |
| Second groove dimension for the same device | Generally 10 mm or more; below 9 mm it cannot be fitted | A hard go or no-go on one safety function |
| Drive rod maximum section after surface treatment | 19.7 x 2.7 mm against a slot opening of 15 mm | The rod is wider than the opening, so it is clamped in from behind |
That last row explains something that surprises everyone who tries to service one of these. The rod is roughly 4.7 millimetres wider than the slot mouth, using the two published numbers above. You cannot pull it out through the front. It has to come out of an end, which in a finished window usually means removing the sash.
Buyers treat the number of locking points as a product attribute, as though a window came in a two-point version and a six-point version the way it comes in two colours. A German hardware maker's aluminium product page describes it differently: additional locking points can be added freely at any position along the connecting rod, in order to satisfy the different security grades of EN 1627, up to RC3.
Multipoint is therefore a quantity you buy along a continuous rod, not a model you ｓｅｌｅｃｔ from a list. The rod itself has to be the right length first, and that is where a surprising amount of engineering goes. One manufacturer's current espagnolette platform exists in four versions precisely to manage sash length: a croppable version, a telescopic version that adjusts to the sash length without cutting, a version built on a rail, and a croppable rail version whose bi-directional locking points always land in the corners.
In a factory, the same word is three production methods. Published sash rebate ranges confirm that the espag is a length and not a stock item: 300 to 1400 millimetres for one product, 320 to 1400 for another, 320 to 1450 for a third, with extension pieces available to go further.
| What varies with sash length | Published evidence | Why it matters to you |
|---|---|---|
| Rod length | Sash rebate ranges from 300 to 1450 mm across three products | A short rod leaves the end cams unengaged; a long one will not fit |
| Number of points | Points added anywhere on the rod, to reach a stated grade | The count is a consequence, not a specification you can compare across brands |
| Bolt throw where shootbolts are used | Selectable 10 or 13 mm on one product; 12, 15 and 17 mm across a catalogue | Throw has to be received by a keep that was mortised for it |
| Cam height | 7.7, 8, 9, 9.5 and 10.5 mm appear in published ranges | Cam height is the compression adjustment range, in millimetres |
| Handle height | Offered as a variant for low handle height and for limited access situations | Accessibility is a hardware option chosen before fabrication |
The handle is the part everybody can name, and it is the part with the fewest decisions in it. Published figures from handle and hardware specialists agree on almost everything: fixing centres of 43 millimetres between the two screw holes is the industry standard and the one you will meet most often on both plastic and aluminium windows; the spindle is a 7 millimetre square as standard, with 8 millimetre squares appearing on some Scandinavian timber windows; spindle lengths run from about 10 millimetres to about 55 millimetres depending on the profile depth; one manufacturer's range offers 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 millimetres; location lugs are commonly 10 millimetres; and one published handle data sheet gives a sash clearance figure of 52 millimetres.
A replacement is genuinely a two-screw job, and in most cases you do not need to touch the gearing. Which is precisely the trap: because it is the only part that can be swapped from any competitor's catalogue, it is the part that proves least about the window. A handle that turns and does nothing is telling you the gearbox or the rod has failed, not the handle.
Two corrections that cost nothing and save a wasted order.
First, night vent is not a handle function. It is provided by a special keep on the frame that lets the sash rest slightly open in a locked, secure position. If you want night vent, you change or add the keep; the handle stays exactly as it was. One manufacturer goes further and supplies a blanking plug to remove the night vent position from the keep, which tells you the feature is a frame-side decision made at fabrication, not an accessory.
Second, handedness. A Scandinavian espagnolette catalogue states that right and left are identical. The mechanism is not handed; only the handle is. Inline handles reverse for left or right opening, which is why they are described as universal, while cranked handles turn in one direction only and must be ordered to hand. So the part of the assembly that carries a handedness decision is the one part that does not seal anything.
Because the espag moved inside the sash, it became the part that security language attaches to, and buyers then assume the language travels with the part. It does not.
| Word | What it actually covers | What it never says |
|---|---|---|
| PAS 24 | An enhanced security performance test for the door or window assembly; every component used in the tested set must comply with the relevant British Standard for that component | It never says a single component is compliant on its own |
| BS 7950 and the police preferred specification route | A method: lever attack at locks and fittings, a burglar's tool kit used by an expert, an attempt to remove the glazing externally, and mechanical loading in parallel and perpendicular directions | It never transfers across profiles, sash sizes or markets |
| EN 1627 and resistance classes up to RC3 | A burglar resistance grade reached on aluminium hardware partly by adding locking points along the rod | It never means the rod you bought is rated; the tested assembly is |
| BS EN 1670 corrosion grades | A corrosion resistance grade on the hardware finish; published examples include Grade 4 at 240 hours and Grade 5 for a silver chromate finish | It never says anything about water, air or wind performance |
| Cycle testing | A rig figure, for example 25,000 cycles under operational load for a published handle | It never equals a service life for the window |
Every one of these attaches to a tested assembly with a named profile, a named sash size and a named glass build. None of them attaches to the word espagnolette, and none of them is ours to ｇｒａｎｔ for your project.
The most useful thing a supplier can do here is state which of these numbers it does not print. Ours are below, with the reason for each gap.
| Item | What we publish | Why the gap is there |
|---|---|---|
| The word espagnolette | Nothing. It appears nowhere in our casement window catalogue | Our outward opening casements are listed by transmission box and anti-pry lock points, and by hardware brand. The mechanism is there; the English word is not |
| Groove standard, backset, cam height, keep type | Not published for any series | They are properties of the profile and the hardware set, and we show them on section drawings rather than in a specification table |
| Maximum sash size and sash weight | Not published for the casement series | They are a function of the glass build. Give us the build and we will give you the number |
| Air, water and wind ratings | Not published for any series | We have not had them tested to the standard your market uses. Ask and we will say so |
| Thermal values | System values only, and only for some series | A system value is not a whole window value and is not an NFRC rating |
| Salt spray hours and shear strength | Published for one series only | Those measure coating and substrate, and the composite bond between the insulation strip and the aluminium. They are not lock figures and they do not move between series |
| Handle cycle figures | A cycle figure appears against the handle hardware on one series | It is a rig figure for a handle, not a life figure for a window and not a figure for the gear |
| Three load figures on sliding products | Published, on three different products | They are not one measurement. Sorting them into a single descending column is the most common way our catalogue gets misread |
| Which factory your order runs in | Not stated on the catalogue | We run two production centres. Ask at order stage and we will tell you |
| Product range honesty | One sliding window, and it is a side press window | If you want an ordinary two track slider, we will say we do not make one rather than offer you a door instead |
| Line | Fill in | If it is left blank |
|---|---|---|
| Sash rebate, width and height, in millimetres | ____ | The rod length is guessed and the end cams may not engage |
| Profile name and number | ____ | Keeps cannot be confirmed as suitable |
| Groove standard the hardware must clamp into | ____ | You may receive hardware built for another material |
| Backset required | ____ | Every cam misses every keep at once |
| Cam height and whether cams are adjustable | ____ | No compression range left for the first service visit |
| Number and position of locking points | ____ | You cannot tell what you are comparing between quotes |
| Handle fixing centres and spindle square size | ____ | Replacement handles will not sit square |
| Handle height above the sash bottom, and why that height | ____ | A working window that fails an accessibility review |
| Night vent required, and on which keep | ____ | It becomes a site modification to a finished sash |
| Handing, and the convention used to state it | ____ | Cranked handles arrive wrong and are not returnable |
| Spare parts to ship in the original container | ____ | Year eight is an air freight conversation |
| Who signs the perimeter seal, and who is first responder | ____ | Nobody owns the leak, and the lock gets blamed |
| Ask | Answer that sounds fine and carries nothing | Answer that carries something |
|---|---|---|
| What groove is it built for | Standard European groove | A section drawing with the groove dimensioned |
| What backset | Standard | A number in millimetres, on the section drawing |
| How many locking points | Multipoint | A count, with positions measured from the sash corner |
| Is it secure | Tested to enhanced security | Standard number and edition, tested assembly, profile, sash size, glass build |
| Which hardware brand | German hardware | The brand, the platform, and which parts are not from that brand |
| Can I get spares later | Spare parts available | Part numbers for gearbox, rod, cams and keeps, recorded against your order |
| Is the handle lockable | Yes, key locking available | Whether a keyed handle is permitted on your escape route, in writing |
| How heavy a sash will it take | Heavy duty | Kilograms per sash, and the glass build the figure assumes |
| Is it adjustable | Fully adjustable | The adjustment range in millimetres, and which of the four parts it sits on |
| Will it fit my profile | Universal | The list of profiles it is actually approved against |
| Situation | Why the espag is the wrong thing to be thinking about | What to settle first |
|---|---|---|
| You are replacing one broken window in an existing building | You are not choosing a groove; you are reverse engineering one from a sash you cannot remove | Photograph the section and the keeps with a scale before ordering anything |
| You want more ventilation without more security risk | Night vent is a keep, and the limiting dimension may be a fall prevention rule | The opening limit your authority requires, in writing |
| Your sash is at or near the maximum for the series | The constraint is sash weight and glass build, and the espag is downstream of both | Glass build first, then sash weight, then hardware |
| The window is on an escape route | A keyed handle can defeat the release the route depends on | Whether a key or tool is permitted, from your authority |
| You are buying on price across three suppliers | The cheapest quote is often the one that moved hardware from another material's groove | Make all three quote the same groove, backset and cam height |
| You want an ordinary two track sliding window | Our sliding window range is one side press window, and it is not that product | Tell us what you actually need and we will say if we make it |
Not in the way the words get used. The historic espagnolette was already locking in three places, centuries before the phrase existed, so the two overlap heavily. But on a modern aluminium casement the espag is the mechanism that drives the points, while the count of points is something added along a rod. Two suppliers can both be telling the truth about being multipoint and be supplying very different assemblies.
No. The handle turns a seven millimetre square spindle. It is the only one of the four parts that is genuinely interchangeable across brands, which is exactly why changing it changes nothing about how the window resists attack. Security attaches to the tested assembly, not to the handle.
Because the spindle is turning and the rod is not being driven, or the cams are no longer reaching the keeps. The second is far more common than a broken gearbox and usually means hinge ｄｒｏｐ or a sash out of square. Take a photograph of the cam and the keep with a scale before ordering any part.
Usually not, and this is the single most expensive assumption in the trade. Published groove figures differ by material: English language trade pages describe the sixteen millimetre figure as the plastic window groove and give timber a separate value, while German and Chinese aluminium sources describe the aluminium sash groove with different numbers again. On a upvc casement window and an aluminium one, the word espag is the same and the groove may not be.
Timber is the case that proves the rule. One distributor states the groove can be twenty millimetres in timber against sixteen in plastic, and handle specialists note that eight millimetre square spindles turn up on Scandinavian timber windows where seven is standard everywhere else. A wood casement window can therefore need a different groove and a different spindle from the aluminium one next to it in the same elevation.
We supply hardware as part of a window set, we name the brand on each series, and we will provide section drawings showing the groove, the backset and the keep arrangement for the profile you are buying. We do not publish those numbers as a catalogue table, and we would rather send you the drawing than have you order from a number copied off a web page. See the project work on our Projects page for the kind of assemblies we have shipped.
